Richard Levenson at the University of California, Davis, and his colleagues showed pigeons microscope images of breast tissue. Then they rewarded them when they correctly pecked a coloured button that corresponded to either cancerous or healthy tissue. After 15 daily sessions, each lasting an hour, the pigeons got the right answer 85 per cent of the time.

Pooling responses from a panel of four pigeons, or “flock-sourcing” as the researchers call it, increased accuracy to 99 per cent. The pigeons were just as good at spotting small calcium deposits associated with cancer, which appear as white specks on mammograms.

“I was quite surprised by the strength of the findings,” Dr. Steves said, “because to be honest, I am someone who has always in the past prioritized work of the mind over work of the body. This study brings home to me that the brain needs exercise to keep fit.”

“They’ve changed themselves from worst in class to the best in class,” Mr. Hypponen said. “The change is complete. They started taking security very seriously.”

France then went on to play an extremely complex and dangerous game. In January 2013 - in other words, one month after Laurent Fabius’ public support for Al-Qaïda in Syria - France launched an operation in Mali against the same Al-Qaïda, provoking the first reaction against its agents infiltrated in Syria.